Estonia Vocabulary

Germanic languages

The greatest contribution of the external sector, almost one third of the vocabulary comes from the Germanic languages mainly of Lower Saxony (Middle Low German) government during the German and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Lower Saxony High German and loans is estimated at 2.225 percent, with the low Saxon make up about 15 percent.

Ex nihilo vocabulary enrichment

Estonian as Ado Grenzstein planners (an active journalist in Estonia 1870s90s) tried to use the training of ex nihilo, Urschpfung, that is, they created new words of nowhere. Examples are the coinage Ado Grenzstein raughts kabe, ladies and men Hess.

The most famous Estonian reformer, Johannes Aavik (18801973), also used ex nihilo creation (cf. constructs REE, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of enriching the lexicon as derivations, compositions and loans (Often of Finland, cf Saaresto and Raun 1965: 76.). Aavik belonged to the so-called Noor-Eesti (Estonia oung) The movement, which appeared in Tartu, a university city in Southeast Estonia, around 1905 (for discussion, see Raun 1991). In Aavik Collins (1921), containing about 4000 words, there are many words that (allegedly) created ex nihilo. Bject Consider this, Kolp kull, liibuma or cling, re naasma or, again, nme thickly, dull, range district reetma betray or solgar clean, elegant, flexible, (Did not win the coin, cf. Raceful graatsiline Contemporary Estonia, although the word itself, curiously, is used for a certain type of parasitic worm, namely Ascaris lumbricoides), and Veenman or convincing. Other Aavikisms ex nihilo (not shown in the Aavik 1921) include or admit nentima, state, or grow angry nrdima onscience, SME, and act tik. "

Note, however, that many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik itself) as invented words ex nihilo may well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, such as the words of Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a extensive training and knew classical Greek, Latin and French. Consider eapon RELV revolver against English, Glitter ROIM English crime, SIIR uncertainty facing English sincere or serious embama hug hug English front, and taunima condemn or disapprove against Finnish judge or tuomita (these are shown in 1921 Aavik Aavikisms dictionary). Consider also EviMed or own, possess, have (cf. also Omama Estonia or self, and the plurality of, on or am I, that is, not to me is Hence, what it means to have.) Faced English are; LAUP orehead against Russia orehead balloon; urder mrvama MRV and murder against murder or English (such Aavikisms not Aavik appear in 1921) and German front LAIP orpse Ody Ody Leiche Leib and German, the corpse. These words might be better considered as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a lexical item abroad. The sound changes often irregular and arbitrary might be explained not as a subconscious influence abroad, but rather as a conscious manipulation by the wallet. Aavik seems to have paid little attention to the source of neologisms. Sometimes, it replaces existing words or expressions Native with foreign neologisms. Therefore, Aavik can not be considered a purist in the traditional sense, ie it was not nti-foreignisms/loanwords as such.

Word production table

Original proposal

Number of root words

Period

Examples

Nostratic (hypothetical, highly controversial)

130?

… 10 000 a. C.

m (en) an "I" s (on) a "you" "Water" vesi, Tabamo 'to catch, catch, catch, hit', arbuma 'magic, charm', 'boring' Puur, poeg 'son', 'ball of the foot "of the PKK,' language 'keel pelgama' be afraid, afraid," sva "deep, deep, Vedam 'to pull, draw, pull, carry, drive, ks' one', nimi 'name', too 'to', ke 'who'

Urals

120

50004000 AC

Ala 'low, sub', the 'top superior', 'front' esi, 'behind' Taga, see "ie, the mission" what "i" no "; Mineman" to go ", Tulema 'Come' tundma 'feel', ujuma 'swim', pelgama 'be afraid, fear, Kadum' disappear ', mskma "to wash" "Tree" State Organization, kuusk 'spruce, fir (- tree)', 'Birch' kiv, "cloudberry" Muraka, "summer" suvi, 'day' ENP, Kaja 'echo', 'Luna, Luna "kuu,' snow 'lights, soo' marshes, swamps, marshes, stream Juga ': falls, waterfall,' kala 'fish', k 'snake solution, sisalik "lizard" keel 'language, the language ", KRV' ear ', luu' bone 'maks' liver' plv" knee " PSK 'cheek, "Eye" Silm,' egg 'muna, Neelam' swallow ',' piece 'shovel Sulgen' feathers' 'Fire' Tuli 'grill (s), coal' ssi, suusk 'foot', 'arrow' Nool, Sudman 'A line' punuma about ',' copper 'Vaska, v' belt, girdle; Elama to live, to live ', Koolman' to die, die, death, power VGI, vigor, strength, power, force, 'room' secret ', naine' woman '; Kåks' two', AVSI "five"

Finno-Ugric

270

40003000 AC

"Brain" Aju, 'bone' di, Hing "soul" pea 'head', 'tooth' pii-bladder, bile 'Sapp, belly, stomach' vats aru "sense, reason, j 'ice' Koité 'dawn, dawn, Aurora, voor' drumlins', 'willow' paju, 'Rowan' Pihl, 'birch' kask, 'berries' Mari 'Cranberry' Pohl, "bark" Kamar, 'Zorro' Slice 'marten' nugis, 'hedgehog' SIIL, "Ewe" UTT "mouse" Hiiro, 'rooster' p, MTU 'grouse', 'rooster' Vares, psuke 'swallow' 'Catfish' EMS 'Ide' resins, SRG 'cockroach', 'louse' you, 'ant' kusilane, koi 'moth bicho "," home room "koda, 'people' kla; plem 'burn, fire, KDEM' burn, heat" pada 'pot' LEEM 'soup, broth, beer', 'butter' vi 'knife' Vits, Westman 'cut', 'clay actions walking; sau 'gown' sba, Kolm "three," Neli "four", kuus 'six', nid 'witch', ise "I" ilm 'climate, air, Talvo' winter ',' Autumn 'services of general interest, "age" iga,' father 'isa, poeg 'son', KDI brother "in '-law, Kond'-bell Valge 'white', hahk gray, Eider, UUS 'new ',' Smith 'Sepp

Fine-Permian

50140

25001500 AC

KHT 'stomach', 'throat' kri, sr 'leg, shank', 'Cave' Kooba, "dust, earth prm, snnik" manure "peda (JAS)" pine, kuslapuu 'Honeysuckle', 'branch' approved 'nut' phkel, kyudo "fiber", "dog" Peni "squirrel" Orava, 'eagle' Kotkas, 'threshing barn "oral rehydration, kuduma' for weaving, knitting, amb 'spring' 'Oar, rowing mla, ng "angle," If the father in law', 'Thunder' Ike ', right, better parem, "old "Vain", on the south, at noon 'moon, meel "mind"

Fine-Volgaic

100150

15001000 AC

"Back" Selg, Koon 'nose', 'leg' KPP, "spirit" Vaima; kevad spring ',' star 'THT, "lake" JRV "poplar" Haab' ash 'Sarre,' Oak 'Tamm,' Maple 'VAHER, 'Hazel' sarapuu, LG 'straw', 'cow' Lehmann, 'pig' FOLLOW PETT "whey jahvatama to grind, Kurgan 'Crane, stork, kurvits' Sandpiper', 'gadfly' parm, SSK 'mosquito'; keema to boil, hiilgama 'to shine, shine', 'manga' kis, frontier piir, "boat" to intervene, Lell uncle, father, brother, Jurmala 'god'; Aher 'sterile', Jahe 'cool', kva "hard" sva "deep" kargama 'to jump, PESEM' wash 'MISP to stay, stay, lpsma to milk "

Fine-Lappic

130150

1000500 BC

"Moss" "Rain" Vihma, sammal, org 'valley', vili 'grain, fruit "," mountain "public service announcements, pud' project "" Happiness, fortune 'nn', brother of the veil, "miracle" EMI, "poetry" Luul, back, behind the "Taga, tsi 'truth', f. 'Hunger', KLL 'likely'

Baltic-Finnic

600800

500 BC to 800 AD

PDER "moose", "current" oja, 'Fog' udu 'horse' hobu, MND "pine", "speech speech "KNE, 'word' sna," time ", AEG," yesterday "Eile," child "turns" people "Rahv, linn 'town', 'knife' Nuga king 'shoe'; julge "bold"

Estonia and unknown

approx. 1000

RNI 'Si "," rib "roie,' bunch 'Salk' Twilight 'videvik" creek valley jrak, ila 'saliva', 'Meadow' aas 'cal' Lubi, "smell" LHN, 'leech' kaan 'Barley' kesv, 'layer' rp, Hiili-to "hidden" mahe "sweet, soft ',' sour 'mru' carrion 'Raipe, Roni' up '+ many onomatopoeic words descriptive

Artificial

5060

Veenman "To persuade, convince," crime "ROIM (probably derived from" crime "English), the dead body, the corpse of 'LAIP (Probably derived from "Leib" German), 'scull' Kolp, "Weapon, arm 'RELV," thing "that" consciousness scruples 'SME' murder 'MRV (probably derived from "Mord" German), "sleep" ulm, SIIR' stolen sincere, range confinement, severe, grave, austere, strict, inexorable, implacable '(? strengthening German, Swedish strng'), nme sulnis "sweet smooth tame ',' silly ', taunima to reject, despise, deplore, "naasma' to return ', reetma' betrayal ' (Probably from the German "(see) Raten '), embama' embrace '; Eiram' ignore ',' Home owners' eramu, etlema 'to do', 'speaker' klar, 'ice' klmik, 'measure' Meede 'souvenirs' Meena siirdama for transplant Teave "information", "Teen" teismeline, 'TV' Teler, "publication" llitis, Randam, Leviman, sva (Muusika), "work of art 'taies,' skate 'rula

Proto-Indo-European loans (hypothetical)

approx. 50

50003000 BC

'Sweat' Higi, "lip" huul, 'leg' koib, 'ear' KRV, Kube 'Ingle' KLG 'secondary', 'meat' liha, "Chin spurt, skin, leather 'nahk, the shell of" chest "Selg 'back', 'hill, mountain' MGI," forest "mets, neem" layer, 'Current' 'Tie' NMM, Oja, org 'valley', 'island' Saar, soo, 'swamp'; Ahven 'hanger', Haug 'sting' 'Goldfish' Koger, Koha "pike-perch, driven 'vendace, IMIS" white fish ", Vimba' golden vimba, JNES ' Hare ',' frog 'Konn, "pearl" Helmes

Indo-European, Indo-Iranian loans

2045

30001000 AC

"Honey" Messiah, 'salt' Sool 'part' bear, 'a hundred' Sada 'piglet' prsas, 'beef' varss, 'Horn' sarv, puhas "clean", Vasar 'hammer'

Proto-Baltic and Baltic loans

100150

1500500 BC

'Tooth' Hamas 'goose' hani 'no' hein 'pea' Hernes his "tribe", "Time" oinas, puder porridge ',' hell 'prgu, "wheel" Rats, "seed" SeeMe' wall 'sein, Mets wood', 'meadow shore' luht, friend SBER, tuhat 'Mil', 'groove' valley, "Sled" REGI 'wool' vill, veel 'further', 'neck' Kael, Kirves 'ax', laisk 'lazy'

Proto-Germanic and Germanic loans

380

2000 a. C. Century 13

agan, 'plowing' Ader, Humal, 'hen' kana, "oats" Kaer, rukis 'Rye', 'sheep' Lammas, "bread" Leib, PLD "field" aer "rowing" mrd "fish trap ',' ship 'LAEV,' purse, sweep net 'nut' sail 'Puri; Kuldar' gold ',' Iron ' Raud, 'can' tub, 'media' Sukk, 'boiler' Katel, knal 'candle', 'mass' taigen; Kuningas "king" "Loan" laen, luna 'rescue bail "raha" Money "rikas" rich "Vald parish, community ',' rock 'Kalju "shore" Kallas, "coast" rand, "dear" Arms Taude' disease ',' beautiful 'kaunis ha "Y"

Old Slavonic loans

5075

10th13th century

Aken 'window', 'Plowing' Sähkö, SIRP "Sickle" turgo "market", teng (elpung) 'money', 'heathen' heathen 'priest' Papp, 'book' Raamat, 'cross' Rist, "fur coat" kasukas

Proto-Latvian loans

40

6th7th century

"Hemp" kanep, 'lentil' lts, Magun 'poppy', 'Otter' Udras, 'tomcat' Krafty, 'road' palak, harima lupard 'rag', 'cultivate, educate, clean', 'bun' kukkel, Vanik "garland" laabuma "to prosper", "container" Kauss, mulk 'inhabitant of Viljandi County, pastel' shoe leather '

Lower Saxony loans

750

12th16th century

Kool 'School', 'kidney' Neer, "rib" RIBI; kruus' gravel ',' storm 'Torm, pumpkin' krvits' Peet 'beet salad' salad ', petersell 'Parsley' mnt 'currency', 'Caraway, cumin' KMENO, 'laurel' loorber, 'palm (tree), palm "Prey" Tamm, roos 'rose', ploom "plum", "wolf dog 'hunting' kitchen 'kk, kruubid' mill , Kringel "kringle, the type of pasta ',' pancake 'pannkook," shortening "PEKK,' type of pasta 'prantssai' brute force "slt" sausage "Vorst, 'oil' li, 'starch' trklis, pruukost" breakfast "," cup "kruus' pan 'Pann' barrel 'ptt' basket 'Korver' boot 'Toob lhker-tina, "Balsa" tiik, "lamp" bulb-spider' lhter; 'Scissors Krid, teljed looms, "" spinning wheel "vokk, luend" canvas "," velvet "Samet, SIID' silk "VILT" sense "kuub" layer "skirt" krt, "veil" Praise, "Top" m, "sludge" move 'Cover the mantelpiece, pksid pants, "" wrap "vammus,' button 'np; hoover" patio "hrber' house ',' hold 'Kelder, kemmerg' WC ', Korsten' chimney ',' room 'ruuma,' hall ' Saal, high 'blocks', Haam 'hammer', Hing "hinge", "brush" hvel, "Palette" Kellu, 'Wardrobe' Kapp, pink 'bank', 'Lee' tool, Trepat 'ladder', 'wall Ridge' vall, "vault VLV 'Hunt' JAHT, 'Hunter, MNAGER hunting, game director jger' Stronghold 'Kant,' Camp 'hunter' KTT, laager, lahing 'battle', 'border' piir, pss' gun, rifle, tk "bayonet", "view" vaht, 'altar' altar 'angel' Ingela, jnger disciple, psalm "psalm", prohvet 'prophet', 'verse' Salm, 'priest' Presets, 'consolation' Troost, pihtima "to confess", "church warden, janitor 'vrmnder,' bishop 'piiskop, Sant 'beggar, lame', Preili 'Miss, miss,' 'old' Memmo, 'lout, bumpkin' mats 'gentleman' hrra, "lady" Prou, Kelm 'deserter, rogue, cheat, narrated' Joker, stupid ',' neighbor 'Naab' courier ' Kuller, Laat 'fair market', 'society, club selts, "count" krahv, Saks' noble German ',' doctor 'ARST, plaaster' tape, plaster hangeldama "contraband", Krim "erosion" tingima to negotiate, "Kortel 'bar four pounds of bread, mate 'as', 'inches' toll vaagima "despite", "weight" vihta, "rent" r, 'link' paar 'ear, Lance' piik, 'dozen Tosin, veerand "barrio", "new year nrid, Friday Reede, Tund 'hour', vastlad 'Carnival', Ankur "anchor", "keel" Kiil, tr 'ox', 'Stroller child, the ferry 'praam,' sailor 'madrus,' Boatswain 'pootsman,' gremlin kotermann ship, "pilot" looting, 'Skipper herring, "map, the card" kaart, "art" kunst "painter Maal, Maalim painting, paber" paper ", trkkima" print "uurima to search, study, survey, Trumm tantsima 'drum', 'dance', piip 'pipe', 'whistle' vilepill, 'horn, trumpet pasun, only "fair, ie topelt" double "vrt" valuable "

Swedish loans

140

13th17th century

'Devil steal' Kratt, 'army, government kroonu' schooner 'kuunar, Baker Pay, "" Mermaid nix 'NKK,' bottle 'plasku, "girl" pliko "pocket" tasku, rim herring', 'old' 'Barrel' tnder, moor, puldan, Tont ghost, demon

Russian loans

350

14th20th century

Kaps Tartar puravik, riisikas, sihvka, kiisu, Suslik, Kulu, Prussak, Tarakan, naarits, soobel, USS, Noos, moive, vobla, mutt, kamorka, putka, sara, lobudik, trahter, koiku, nari, Pruss, tkat; HLST, kamass, Kirs, kombinesoon, Kott, puhvaika, Marli, pintsak, retuusid, trussikud; kiisel, Pontikos, rosolje, rupskid, border Uhha, Morss, samagon; batoon, Kissell, Plumbers, povidlo, ALKK, Uhha; plotski, mahorka, pabeross; mannerg, kopsik; nuut, kantsik, piits, tupik, relss, Jaam, Knopke Kabi, Kazakh, kasarmu, karauul, katelok, kiiver, Munder, nekrut, host help pages, Polk, ranits, SINEL, tentsik, utsitama, Timuka, rajoon, TRM, it appears, Artell, palak, haltuura, parseldama, parisnik, Siva, tolk, tots, pujn, kitt, tuur, Ladner, prostaglandins, sutike; kaanima, kostitama, kruttima, kupeldama

(High) the German loans

500

16th20th century

larhv, Lokk, Seitel, Kastan, Pappel, kirss, jasmiin, George, RCA kartul, Vihko, AHV Auster, kalkun, siisike, miisu, mops, TAKS, equipment, wow, viidikas, PNPA, pistrik; Klimp, klops, kotlet, kompvek, suppl, tort, viiner, Souster, vahvel, VRTS, vein, jope, Kittel, kampsun, Kleito, vest, lips, vrvel, Sall, pluus, Kamin, pliit, kr (Kamber), sahver, Kabel Finally, Palat, pult, sohva, read, kummut, Kardiner, sahtel; uur, Klados, klamber, sihverplaat Lateran limo opman, oober, Tisler, tudeng, Velsk, virtin, antvrk, aadlik, krner, chaotic, Kuts, LRM, oksjon, Krempel, KLAT; krehvtine, helmet, liiderlik, Napp, noobel, ontlik, plass, tummo, trammis; kleepima, klantsima, mehkeldama, sehkendama, rehkendama, trimpama, pummeldama, praalima, turnima; ahoi, proosit, hurraa, Hopp, hallo

Finland loans

90

19th20th century

Aare, Sangar, harass, Jenka, Julma, jik, NGLS, tehas, uljas, vaist, vihjama, silima, kuvama, haihtuma, anastama

Hebrew loans

<5

Jaana (Lind) 'ostrich', "Chaos" tohuvabohu

Romani loans

<5

Mangum "a ask "

References

Liina ^, Helgi 1968. laensnadest Alamsaksa 16. ja 17. Eesti sajandi kirjakeeles. Seltsi Emakeele aastaraamat 13, 1967. Eesti Raamat, 4770 (Estonia): Tallinn

^ History of the vocabulary of Estonia (Estonia)

Abc ^ See page 149 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 2003, Languages contact and lexical enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.

^ See page 150 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 2003, Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.

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